Achieving the Olympic dream is often described as the culmination of four years or more of hard work, sacrifice, commitment and dedication. To be an Olympian there will be three components that must be in present in each competitor before the dream can be 
achieved. Talent, physical potential and psychological potential. Whether someone gets to ‘live the dream’ is entirely dependent on whether they can maximise the three elements. Surprisingly perhaps it’s not the most talented that always succeed. In fact, an abundance of talent can actually work against the potential success as insufficient drive and effort is needed and thereby applied to realise a good level of success. When the last 3% is needed and its drive and commitment that will get them there, the highly talented are often found lacking to make the final step to the top of the tree.
The competitors in Rio 2016 that medal will be the rare and unique blend of exactly the right amount of the necessary ingredients, properly prepared. Sports science has added a considerable body of knowledge to the talent identification process and immeasurably to the physical preparation. Where it’s really added value lately though is in understanding the mind of the elite athlete. Unsurprisingly there is no ‘one size fits all’ profile, but certain characteristics are prevalent in all that do achieve Gold.
How can we apply these characteristics to what might be considered ‘elite’ diving? That is cave, wreck and mine exploration, deep mixed gas diving etc. Well, you do need a certain amount of talent that will be developed and shaped by training and meaningful experience to manage the skills and planning that technical diving demands. You will need an appropriate level of physical fitness. Both to manage the gear and to have some spare capacity for managing the physiological reactions to psychological stress. What about the psychological side though, let’s look at each characteristic in turn?
FOUNDATIONS
Motivation. Defined as the direction and intensity of effort, no-one is going anywhere unless they put in a little hard graft. But what will be the drive that gives sufficiently high levels of motivation. An intrinsic sense of self satisfaction of a job well done (task focus) or a 
boost to the self-esteem that the goal will bring (Ego focus). For many elite athletes the fear of failure and the resultant damage to the self-esteem or ego is a massive driver. Thereby any and all effort goes into not failing or…. winning. The truth at the elite end is that you will find people high in both. High task and high ego. They may not be arrogant, a term often confused with a high ego, but they will have an unusually high internal motivational focus. Highly externally motivated people tend to lack consistency as the rewards of approbation, recognition and fame vary.
In divers it is the same. Many divers push through the certification levels to gain status in the eyes of their peers and themselves. Then give up…’goal’ achieved although maybe not much more that the highest level piece of plastic their chosen agency can provide. Others are in it for the long haul and it is these consistent high achievers who will share the same motivational traits as the Olympian.
I look upon motivation as a foundation stone. It can be improved and made clearer or consistent, but, you cannot teach someone to be motivated. You can only find out what it is, if anything, that motivates them and help structure their goals and actions accordingly. So ask yourself, do I have these traits, in any area of your life. Is there something in life, career, relationships, sport or otherwise you have felt driven to achieve and have put in the effort and made the sacrifices required. If so, how do you feel about your diving? Does it have the same passion? If not, maybe the motivational foundation stone needs bedding in, or, that’s just not who you are. Let’s be realistic here, we are probably talking about people with the capacity to be in the top 5% in their chosen field of endeavour.
Attitude / Mindset
This for me is the second foundation stone of psychological approaches to elite sport or elite diving. Some people would have you believe it’s all about being positive. Having a winning mentality. I can’t really say in my experience of working with elite athletes that this is the case. Yes, some are amazingly positive people, others, less so, but driven to ‘not lose’ as opposed to win. Welcoming the pain and suffering to prove to themselves, to that little voice inside them, that they can succeed. Winning to this mindset is a relief first and foremost. With both the positive or ‘alternate’ mindsets what is common is a desire to leave no stone unturned, no detail overlooked, no sacrifice too great in the pursuit of success.
Some sports people will relish being part of a team, others, usually in ultra-endurance events, the individuality. As such team working skills, people and communication skills will be highly developed in some, non-existent almost in others. What is important is that the person understands their role and how they relate to the environment and people in which they will train and perform. This is not to say the individual eschews the team, but places first the emphasis on self-reliance. In diving the team mindset is seen as overwhelmingly positive, I tend towards this view, but there are different team dynamics. 3 individuals, operating autonomously, can still be an effective team if they understand the roles and deliverables expected. Maybe only appropriate in more limited, pre-defined circumstances and knowing exactly when not to interfere with others by stepping outside of agreed roles. Ideally diving lends itself to the team approach, increasing situational awareness through teamwork and sharing this through excellent communication skills. The synergy of multiple brains does create a capacity greater than the sum of its parts.
In any event the attitude will be one that keeps the Olympian and diver moving towards their goal, regardless of obstacles and setbacks and even regardless of early high achievement. For example, a golfer can be as distracted by a hole in one as by a nasty slice. Carefully pushing the boundaries out, managing the risks and rewards against each other, keeping a consistent approach are the traits that most often bring success in both environments. Setting off for the 5000m at a full sprint will only end in tears, we see this in divers who progress very quickly only to push too far, too fast and if lucky, escape with a cold hard introduction to reality.
In technical diving mindset and attitude is critical. Unlike recreational diving, most tech agencies allow you to fail a student on a course on the basis of attitude alone, and rightly so. Understanding and acceptance of both one’s responsibilities to oneself and then to others is critical. Depth seekers for the sake of depth need not apply. Ego is not a bad thing though, especially if internal and not reward seeking. All too often confused with arrogance and self-gratification, ego is a major driver for all high performers, without exception. (see previous article on ego). If you work with truly elite athletes, then you appreciate this is what has driven them to the Gold Medal. You can, trust me, have a massive ego and still be a kind and considerate person.
Situational and Self Awareness. I quite often teach a scanning technique based on three circles, close, medium and long range. This is a structured way of checking on oneself and immediate environment in the close circle, on team mates, the medium range environment in the next circle scan and on what is (boat / exit etc.) or might be developing at a longer distance as well. Being able to stay aware in dynamic situations as both your own and your team mates interact with the stimuli and events allows the first chance at responding appropriately to be made. Quickly and accurately recognising stressors and precursors to stressors gives more time for as
sessing one’s own coping ability and benchmarking the stressor against previous training and experience. If there is a match, then the stress is positive (Eustress) and it’s likely to be met with confidence and a good solution. If there is a mismatch between the threat posed by the stress and perceived coping ability, then the first link of the error and accident chain is forged. In itself the first event does not have to be significant, but it will then shape future appraisals of the next stressor and badly affect coping perception and decision making. In team sports or versus competitors training and practice competition is designed to provide the stimuli and situations that both embed and test the expectations we have and the comparisons to existing patterns of memory. In this way the ‘experienced’ performer has an edge. They may lack fitness and certain skills, but their ability to predict and use embedded patterns of what is happening to determine the most effective response outweigh any deficiencies in VO2 max. This is undoubtedly true in diving.
The Building Blocks on the Foundation.
These are not just going to be the mental skills mentioned next, but critically the capacity and ability to execute these mental skills in situations containing multiple stressors, significant valency that is a high relevance and consequence of success or failure. (Death or injury v Fame/Fortune).
These skills include
Imagery – of which visualisation is a part, but imagery includes the richness of all the senses (touch, taste, smell, hearing as well as seeing). It is also likely that imagery is best done for skill acquisition purposes internally, that is you feel the mental rehearsal as a participant, not a spectator, you look out through your own eyes, you don’t watch it on a TV screen. You can see this imagery occurring in Olympians before training and competition, in quiet moments. Perhaps the best examples are white water kayaks where you see them sat on the bank, moving and even paddling the course – moving the whole body as if they were in the boat even though they are on dry land. In diving I’ve noticed a trend to only using visualisation, and then as if you were watching yourself on video. While useful, this is the weakest of the mental rehearsal techniques.
Cue identification and utilisation – applying relevant filters to your situational awareness, embedding appropriate cues or patterns to recognise that stimulate prepared and practiced actions or responses. Dismissing irrelevant cues in favour of what demands attention and what is important. This demands significant and robust embedding of patters – that is a full sensory experience of what will happen around you. Fencers in the Olympics can predict the attacks and defences of their opponent before the move is made, if they couldn’t the move is usually made so fast they would have no effective response. The same is in diving. An experienced instructor will see a student about to make an error or struggle and as such engage in preventative or early interventions that arrest a more serious incident. This is where training, devised to expose the athlete or diver to realistic and relevant cues, coupled with meaningful experience where they are exposed to these cues embeds the useful and genuine patterns. You might be able to do a 30 second shutdown, but if you are waiting for the instructor to signal with wetnotes or a hand signal, you may be too late as you fail to recognise the bubbling behind you.
Pre, In and post-performance routines / scripts. These provide a way of ensuring one is in the optimum cognitive, emotional and behavioural ‘mood’ for the dive. Whether you need to get ‘up for it’ or relax into it, a solid pre performance routine will help. Checklists often provide a reassuring discipline and form part of the routine for some people. The key is always the consistency of the routine, coupled with the discipline with which it is applied. Post dive routines should encompass the debrief and review, solving what went not so well and embedding the good so it becomes more consistent. Spend double the time on analysing what worked and why as opposed to all the time on what didn’t. In dive routines can be very quick, a few milliseconds only, but do help refocus on what is relevant and important. Learn to have key points in the routine so you can step back to a known point and not have to start again from the beginning.
Arousal and Anxiety recognition and management. We have all been told by someone to ‘calm down’ or ‘take a chill pill’ only for that comment to throw petrol on the smouldering bonfire. If we are to get control of our mental and physical arousal, and choose the most appropriate state for the task we face, then we must become sufficiently self-aware to recognise when we are too laid back or conversely over hyped and about to charge through the red mist. The use of pre and in performance routines can help with this, but recognising the triggers is essential so that these routines can be implemented before things get out of control. The most usual and easiest trigger to spot is when you find yourself suppressing an emotion. Emotions have a purpose and to be most effective and least distracting they need to flow – to happen naturally. Love or hate, fear or joy, attempting a blocking of the emotion amps it up. In the Olympics there are a myriad of events that can trigger these responses and not just the obvious pre and in competition. The Olympian is in a foreign country, there is heightened security, searches, long cues to get in and out of controlled spaces, confinement to the Olympic village, temptations of unlimited food and surrounded by equally young, fit people with associated temptations and 
distractions. Add in media attention and pressure, a countries expectations, sponsors and officialdom and it’s a miracle anyone copes at all. In diving we often discount many of the related but not directly diving stressors. Travel, lack of sleep, permits, boat rules and restrictions, officialdom, permits etc. I know there’s a tradition of early starts – fine when you have to catch a tide, if you can still manage appropriate physical (sleep / food / hydration) and mental preparation. Not required just to meet some dive centres schedule so they can have an afternoon off or fit in 10 try dives. Don’t dive in a sub optimal physical and mental state.
The Top Level or Higher Order Psychological Skills
Managing emotions in and away from training and competition requires a long time to develop and for many, even those that win gold, is often out of reach. The trick is consistency, the more you are able to do this, the more consistent you will be in all of life’s challenges, not only elite sport or diving. Choosing and being able to apply different types and intensities of concentration according to the situation you face is definitely a high level skill. In Biathlon for example the concentration required to ski down a technical slope, versus climb a hard and long section then at the end of either be calm to put shots on target is incredibly varied. The same in diving, avoiding being drawn into a narrowing of concentration due to physical effort or task loading. Being able to switch to calm mode to work out responses to equipment failures or navigation. Other skills such as refocusing, utilising stress to generate positive outcomes, even distress can be built on the foundations. The bigger your effective toolbox, the more likely you will have available and select a good or winning response to challenges.
Finally, whether your outlook is driven by a need to achieve or a need to avoid failure, it is understanding that in life, in training and in competition that you are prepared to go the ‘the dark and scary place’ where what is unknown is the biggest challenge. Where there will be physical, mental and emotional pain and discomfort. It’s a hard place to be, at the limit of physical and mental capacity, but characteristic of consistent high performers is a willingness to go there just about daily. You cannot experience the light until you have faced and beaten the dark.
Matt Jevon, M.Sc. is a Full Trimix and Cave Diver and Technical and CCR instructor with TDI and IANTD. He is the JJ-CCR instructor and dealer for Ireland. He held accreditations as an interdisciplinary sports scientist, sports psychologist with BASES and was a British Olympic Registered Strength and Conditioning Coach. Matt works in high performance business as a board advisor and non-exec, high performance sport and is a partner in South West Technical Diving in Ireland. www.swt.ie
